Human Physiology - Locomotion and Movement
(NEET Syllabus): Origin
Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile
proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt
with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of
muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy,
Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY (Locomotion and Movement)
 |
| Spinal Cord |
Theoretical
Questions - TQ 2 (Q. No.9 - 11)
Long Answer Type Questions
Question.9: Describe structure of actin and
myosin proteins.
Question.10: Distinguish between
(a) Pronator and Supinator
(b) Abductor and Adductor
Question.11: Explain the Bones of Rib Cage.
Answer.9:
Actin
Proteins: Each actin filament is made up of the
following components -
(a) F-actin: In each actin filament, two
"F" (filamentous) actions helically wound to each other. Each
"F" actin is a polymer of monomeric "G" (Globular)
actins.
(b) Tropomyosin: Two filaments of another
protein, tropomyosin also
run close to the "F" actins throughout its length.
(c) Troponin: It is a complex protein which
is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin. In the resting state a
subunit of troponin masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin
filaments.
Myosin: Each myosin (thick) filament is also a polymerised
protein. Many monomeric proteins called Meromyosins
constitute one thick filament. Each meromyosin has two important parts, a
globular head with a short arm and a tail, the former being called the heavy
meromyosin (HMM) and the latter, the light meromyosin (LMM).
The HMM component, i.e.; the head and short arm projects outwards at regular
distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin
filament and is known as cross arm. The globular head is active
ATPase enzyme and has binding sites for ATP and active sites for
actin.
Answer.10:
(a) Pronator
and Supinator: The contraction of a pronator rotates the forearm to
turn the palm downward or backward. Supinator is antagonist of pronator. A
supinator contracts to rotate the forearm and thus to make palm face upward or
forward.
(b) Abductor
and Adductor: An abductor contracts to draw a bone away from the
body midline. Muscle that brings the limb away from midline is called abductor.
An adductor draws a bone towards the body midline. A muscle that brings the
limb towards midline is called adductor. Abductor muscle is antagonist of
adductor muscle.
Answer.11: There are 12 pairs of ribs.
Each rib is a thin flat bone connected dorsally to the vertebral column and
ventrally to the sternum. It has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end
and its hence, called bicephalic.
First seven pairs of ribs are called true
ribs. Dorsally, they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae
and ventrally connected to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage. The
8th,
9th and 10th pairs of ribs do not
articulate directly with the sternum but join the seventh rib with the help of
hyaline cartilage. These are called vertebral
- chondral (false) ribs.
Last 2 pairs (11th and 12th) of
ribs are not connected ventrally and are therefore, called floating
ribs. Thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum together form the
rib cage or thoracic cage.
Human Physiology: Locomotion and Movement - Biology Objective Questions
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